When Did Theodor Schwann Discovered Animal Cells

German physiologist (1810–1882)

Theodor Schwann
Born	(1810-12-07)7 December 1810 Neuss, First French Empire
Died	eleven January 1882(1882-01-eleven) (aged 71) Cologne, German Empire
Education	Humboldt University of Berlin (1834) Academy of Bonn University of Würzburg
Known for	Cell theory Schwann cells Pepsin
Awards	Copley Medal (1845)
Scientific career
Fields	Biology
Influences	Johannes Peter Müller

Theodor Schwann (High german pronunciation: [ˈteːodoːɐ̯ ˈʃvan];^{[1] [ii]} 7 December 1810 – eleven January 1882) was a German physician and physiologist.^[3] His most meaning contribution to biology is considered to be the extension of cell theory to animals. Other contributions include the discovery of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system, the discovery and study of pepsin, the discovery of the organic nature of yeast,^[four] and the invention of the term metabolism.^[v]

Early life and education

Theodor Schwann was born in Neuss on 7 Dec 1810 to Leonard Schwann and Elisabeth Rottels.^{[half dozen]} Leonard Schwann was a goldsmith and later on a printer. Theodor Schwann studied at the Dreikönigsgymnasium (also known as the Tricoronatum or Three Kings School), a Jesuit school in Cologne.^{[6] [7]} Schwann was a devout Roman Catholic. In Cologne his religious instructor Wilhelm Smets [de], a priest and novelist, emphasized the individuality of the homo soul and the importance of free will.^{[viii] : 643 [vi] [7]}

In 1829, Schwann enrolled at the University of Bonn in the premedical curriculum. He received a bachelor of philosophy in 1831.^[ix] While at Bonn, Schwann met and worked with physiologist Johannes Peter Müller.^[three] Müller is considered to take founded scientific medicine in Germany, publishing his Handbuch der Physiologie des Menschen für Vorlesungen in 1837–1840.^{[10] : 387} It was translated into English as Elements of Physiology in 1837–1843 and became the leading physiology textbook of the 1800s.^[6]

In 1831, Schwann moved to the Academy of Würzburg for clinical training in medicine.^{[vii] [11]} In 1833, he went to the University of Berlin, where Müller was now Professor of Anatomy and Physiology.^[7] Schwann graduated with an M.D. degree in medicine from the University of Berlin in 1834. He did his thesis piece of work in 1833–1834, with Müller as his advisor. Schwann's thesis involved a conscientious study of the necessity for oxygen during the embryonic development of the chicken. To conduct information technology out, he designed and built an apparatus that enabled him to pump the gases oxygen and hydrogen out of the incubation chamber at specific times. This enabled him to establish the critical period in which the eggs needed oxygen.^{[12] : 60}

Schwann passed the state exam to practice medicine in the summer of 1834, just he chose to go on to work with Müller, doing research rather than practicing medicine.^[11] He could afford to do so, at least in the brusk term, because of a family unit inheritance.^{[12] : 60} His salary equally an assistant was simply 120 taler. For the next five years, Schwann would pay the other iii-quarters of his expenses out of his inheritance. Every bit a long-term strategy, it was non sustainable.^{[12] : 86}

Career

From 1834 to 1839, Schwann worked every bit an assistant to Müller in at the Anatomisch-zootomische Museum at the University of Berlin.^[11] Schwann carried out a series of microscopic and physiological experiments focused on studying the structure and function of fretfulness, muscles and blood vessels.^[13] In addition to performing experiments in preparation for Müller's book on physiology, Schwann did inquiry of his own. Many of his important contributions were fabricated during the fourth dimension that he worked with Müller in Berlin.^[6]

Schwann used newly powerful microscopes to examine animal tissues. This enabled him to detect animal cells and note their different properties. His work complemented that of Matthias Jakob Schleiden in plants and was informed by information technology; the two were close friends.^{[14] [12] : sixty}

Described as serenity and serious, Schwann was specially gifted in the construction and apply of apparatus for his experiments. He was too able to identify important scientific questions and design experiments to systematically test them. His writing has been described as attainable, and his logic equally a "clear progression".^{[12] : sixty} He identified the question that he wanted to respond and communicated the importance of his findings effectively to others. His co-worker Jakob Henle spoke of him as having an "inborn drive" to experiment.^{[12] : 60}

By 1838, Schwann needed a position with a more substantial bacon. He hoped to render to Bonn, a Cosmic city. He attempted to gain a professorship there in 1838 and over again in 1846, just was disappointed.^{[9] : 85–86} Instead, in 1839, Schwann accepted the chair of anatomy at the Université Catholique de Louvain in Leuven, Kingdom of belgium, another Catholic urban center.^{[11] [ix] : 85–86}

Schwann proved to be a dedicated and conscientious professor. With his new teaching duties, he had less time for new scientific piece of work. He spent considerable fourth dimension perfecting experimental techniques and instruments for apply in experiments. He produced few papers. One exception was a paper in 1844 that reported on a series of experiments on dogs and established the importance of bile in digestion.^{[12] : 87 [thirteen]}

In examining processes such as musculus contraction, fermentation, digestion, and putrefaction, Schwann sought to testify that living phenomena were the event of physical causes rather than "some immaterial vital force".^{[8] : 643} Nonetheless, he notwithstanding sought to reconcile "an organic nature" with "a divine plan."^{[8] : 645} Some writers have suggested that Schwann'southward move in 1838, and his decreased scientific productivity after that, reflect religious concerns and perhaps even a crisis relating to the theoretical implications of his work on cell theory.^{[xiii] [9] : 85–86} However, other authors regard this equally misrepresenting his thinking, and reject the idea that Schwann went through an existential crisis or a mystical phase.^{[9] : 85–86} Ohad Parnes uses Schwann's laboratory notebooks and other unpublished sources along with his publications to reconstruct his research as a unified progression.^{[15] : 126} Florence Vienne draws on unpublished writings to hash out the ways in which cell theory, every bit a "unifying principle of organic development", related to the philosophical, religious, and political ideas of various proponents including Schwann.^[8]

In 1848, Schwann'south compatriot Antoine Frédéric Spring convinced him to transfer to the University of Liège, besides in Belgium.^[11] At Liège, Schwann continued to follow the latest advances in anatomy and physiology but did not himself make major new discoveries. He became something of an inventor. One of his projects was a portable respirator, designed every bit a closed arrangement to back up human life in environments where the surround cannot be breathed.^[13] By 1858 he was serving equally professor of physiology, full general anatomy and embryology. In 1863, the American Philosophical Lodge elected him an international member.^[16] As of 1872, he ceased to teach general anatomy, and as of 1877, embryology. He retired fully in 1879.^[11]

Schwann was deeply respected past his peers. In 1878, a festival was held to gloat his years of teaching and his many contributions. He was presented with a unique gift: a book containing 263 autographed photographic portraits of scientists from various countries, each of them sent by the scientist to be part of the gift for Schwann. The book was defended "To the creator of the cell theory, the contemporary biologists."^[13]

Three years later on retiring, Schwann died in Cologne, on 11 January 1882.^[vii] He was buried in the family unit tomb in Cologne'south Melaten Cemetery.^[17]

Bronze statue of Theodor Schwann at the entrance of the Found of Zoology, University of Liege, Kingdom of belgium

Contributions

When viewed in the context of his unpublished writings and laboratory notes, Schwann'due south enquiry tin can be seen as "a coherent and systematic research programme" in which biological processes are described in terms of material objects or "agents", and the causal dependencies betwixt the forces that they exert, and their measurable effects. Schwann's idea of the jail cell as a central, active unit then can be seen as foundational to the development of microbiology every bit "a rigorously lawful scientific discipline".^{[fifteen] : 121–122}

Muscle tissue

Some of Schwann'southward earliest work in 1835 involved musculus wrinkle, which he saw as a starting point for "the introduction of calculation to physiology".^{[fifteen] : 122} He developed and described an experimental method to calculate the contraction force of the muscle, by controlling and measuring the other variables involved.^[15] His measurement technique was developed and used later past Emil du Bois-Reymond and others.^[18] Schwann's notes suggest that he hoped to discover regularities and laws of physiological processes.^[15]

Pepsin

In 1835, relatively piddling was known nigh digestive processes. William Prout had reported in 1824 that the digestive juices of animals contained muriatic acid. Schwann realized that other substances in digestive juices might besides assist to break down nutrient.^[half-dozen] At the start of 1836, Schwann began to written report digestive processes. He conceptualized digestion as the action of a physiological agent, which, though non immediately visible or measurable, could exist characterized experimentally every bit a "peculiar specific substance".^{[15] : 124–125}

Eventually Schwann found the enzyme pepsin, which he successfully isolated from the tum lining and named in 1836.^{[19] [6] [3]} Schwann coined its proper name from the Greek word πέψις pepsis, meaning "digestion" (from πέπτειν peptein "to digest").^{[20] [21]} Pepsin was the outset enzyme to be isolated from brute tissue.^[19] He demonstrated that it could intermission down the albumin from egg-white into peptones.^{[17] [22]}

Even more than importantly, Schwann wrote, by carrying through such analyses i could eventually "explain the whole developmental process of life in all organized bodies."^{[15] : 126} During the next year, he studied both decomposition and respiration, constructing apparatus that he would later adapt for the study of yeast.^{[xv] : 128}

Yeast, fermentation, and spontaneous generation

Next Schwann studied yeast and fermentation. His work on yeast was independent of work done by Charles Cagniard de la Tour and Friedrich Traugott Kützing, all of whom published work in 1837.^{[6] [23] [24] [25]} By 1836, Schwann had carried out numerous experiments on alcohol fermentation.^[6] Powerful microscopes made it possible for him to observe yeast cells in particular and recognize that they were tiny organisms whose structures resembled those of plants.^[26]

Schwann went across others who just had noted the multiplication of yeast during alcoholic fermentation, first by assigning yeast the role of a chief causal factor, and so by claiming information technology was alive. Schwann used the microscope to deport out a carefully planned series of experiments that contraindicated two pop theories of fermentation in yeast. First he controlled the temperature of fluid from fermenting beer in a closed vessel in the presence of oxygen. Once heated, the liquid could no longer ferment. This disproved Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac's speculation that oxygen caused fermentation. It suggested that some sort of microorganism was necessary for the process to happen. Side by side, Schwann tested the furnishings of purified air and unpurified air.^[27] He sterilized the air by passing it through heated glass bulbs.^[24] Fermentation did not occur in the presence of purified air. It did occur in the presence of unpurified air, suggesting that something in the air started the process. This was stiff evidence against the theory of spontaneous generation, the thought that living organisms could develop out of nonliving matter.^[27]

Schwann had demonstrated that fermentation required the presence of yeasts to start, and stopped when the yeasts stopped growing.^[28] He concluded that sugar was converted to alcohol as function of an organic biological process based on the action of a living substance, the yeast. He demonstrated that fermentation was not an inorganic chemical process like sugar oxidation.^[27] Living yeast was necessary for the reaction that would produce more yeast.^[23]

Although Schwann was right, his ideas were ahead of virtually of his peers.^[6] They were strongly opposed past Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler, both of whom saw his accent on the importance of a living organism as supporting vitalism. Liebig, in dissimilarity, saw fermentation equally a series of purely chemical events, without involving living matter.^[29] Ironically, Schwann's work was after seen as being a starting time step away from vitalism.^{[23] : 56–57} Schwann was the first of Müller's pupils to work towards a physico-chemical explanation of life.^[3] Schwann'south view furthered a conceptualization of living things in terms of the biological reactions of organic chemistry, while Liebig sought to reduce biological reactions to purely inorganic chemistry.^[30]

The value of Schwann's work on fermentation eventually would be recognized by Louis Pasteur, 10 years afterward.^[6] Pasteur would begin his fermentation enquiry in 1857 past repeating and confirming Schwann'south work, accepting that yeast were live, and then taking fermentation research further. Pasteur, not Schwann, would challenge Liebig'due south views in the Liebig–Pasteur dispute.^[30] In retrospect, the germ theory of Pasteur, besides as its clarified applications by Lister, tin can be traced to Schwann's influence.^[3]

Jail cell theory

In 1837, Matthias Jakob Schleiden viewed and stated that new plant cells formed from the nuclei of sometime plant cells. Dining with Schwann i day, their conversation turned on the nuclei of establish and animal cells. Schwann remembered seeing similar structures in the cells of the notochord (as had been shown by Müller) and instantly realized the importance of connecting the ii phenomena. The resemblance was confirmed without delay past both observers. In further experiments, Schwann examined notochordal tissue and cartilage from toad larvae, equally well equally tissues from pig embryos, establishing that fauna tissues are equanimous of cells, each of which has a nucleus.^[14]

Schwann published his observations in 1838 in the Neue notisen geb. nat.-heilk.^[31] This was followed in 1839 by the publication of his book Mikroskopische Untersuchungen über dice Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachsthum der Thiere und Pflanzen (Microscopic investigations on the similarity of structure and growth of animals and plants). It is considered a landmark piece of work,^[14] foundational to modern biology.^[32]

In it Schwann declared that "All living things are composed of cells and prison cell products".^[33] He drew three further conclusions about cells, which formed his cell theory or cell doctrine. The first ii were correct:

1. The jail cell is the unit of structure, physiology, and organisation in living things.^[32]
2. The jail cell retains a dual existence as a distinct entity and a building block in the construction of organisms.^[32]

By the 1860s, these tenets were the accepted basis of cell theory, used to describe the elementary anatomical composition of plants and animals.^[three]

Schwann's theory and observations created a foundation for modern histology.^[iii] Schwann claimed that "in that location is one universal principle of development for the elementary parts of organisms, however different, and this principle is the formation of cells."^[34] Schwann supported this merits by examining adult creature tissues and showing that all tissues could be classified in terms of five types of highly differentiated cellular tissues.^{[23] [6]}

1. cells that are independent and separate, e.thousand. blood cells
2. cells that are contained only compacted together in layers, e.grand. skin, fingernails, feathers
3. cells whose connecting walls have coalesced, e.one thousand. cartilage, bones, and tooth enamel
4. elongated cells forming fibers, east.g. tendons and ligaments
5. cells formed by the fusion of walls and cavities, e.1000. muscles, tendons and fretfulness^[6]

His observation that the unmarried-celled ovum eventually becomes a consummate organism, established one of the basic principles of embryology.^[23]

Schwann's third tenet, speculating on the formation of cells, was later disproven. Schwann hypothesized that living cells formed in ways like to the formation of crystals. Biologists would eventually accept the view of pathologist Rudolf Virchow, who popularized the maxim Omnis cellula eastward cellula—that every cell arises from another cell—in 1857. The epigram was originally put forth by François-Vincent Raspail in 1825,^[35] simply Raspail's writings were unpopular, partly due to his republican sentiments. There is no evidence to advise that Schwann and Raspail were enlightened of each other's piece of work.^{[viii] : 630–631}

Specialized cells

Schwann was particularly interested in nervous and muscular tissues. Every bit function of his efforts to classify bodily tissues in terms of their cellular nature, he discovered the cells that envelope the nerve fibers, which are at present chosen Schwann cells in his honor.^[17] How the fatty myelin sheaths of peripheral nerves were formed was a matter of contend that could not be answered until the electron microscope was invented.^{[36] [37]} All axons in the peripheral nervous organisation are now known to be wrapped in Schwann cells. Their mechanisms go on to be studied.^{[36] [38] [39]}

Schwann too discovered that muscle tissue in the upper esophagus was striated.^[17] He speculated that the muscular nature of the esophagus enabled information technology to act as a pipe, moving food betwixt the rima oris and the stomach.^[forty]

In examining teeth, Schwann was the start to discover "cylindrical cells" continued to both the inner surface of the enamel and the pulp. He also identified fibrils in the dentinal tubes, which later became known as "Tomes's fibers". He speculated on the possible structural and functional significance of the tubes and fibrils.^{[17] [41]}

Metabolism

In his Microscopical researches, Schwann introduced the term "metabolism", which he first used in the German adjectival form "metabolische" to draw the chemical activity of cells. French texts in the 1860s began to utilise le métabolisme. Metabolism was introduced into English language past Michael Foster in his Textbook of Physiology in 1878.^[42]

References

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20. ^ Florkin Thousand (March 1957). "[Discovery of pepsin past Theodor Schwann]". Revue Médicale de Liège (in French). 12 (5): 139–44. PMID 13432398.
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25. ^ Schwann, Th. (1837). "Vorläufige Mittheilung, betreffend Versuche über die Weingährung und Fäulniss". Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 117 (5): 184–193. Bibcode:1837AnP...117..184S. doi:ten.1002/andp.18371170517. ISSN 0003-3804.
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Further reading

• Aszmann, O. C. (2000). "The life and work of Theodore Schwann". Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery. 16 (4): 291–v. doi:10.1055/south-2000-7336. PMID 10871087.
• Florkin, G. (1958). "Episodes in medicine of the people from Liège: Schwann & the stigmatized". Revue Médicale de Liège. xiii (xviii): 627–38. PMID 13591909.
• Florkin, M. (1957). "1838; Year of crisis in the life of Théodore Schwann". Revue Médicale de Liège. 12 (18): 503–10. PMID 13466730.
• Florkin, M. (1957). "Discovery of pepsin by Theodor Schwann". Revue Médicale de Liège. 12 (v): 139–44. PMID 13432398.
• Florkin, 1000. (1951). "Schwann as medical student". Revue Médicale de Liège. six (22): 771–7. PMID 14892596.
• Florkin, M. (October 1951). "Schwann at the Tricoronatum". Revue Médicale de Liège. six (20): 696–703. PMID 14883601.
• Florkin, M. (1951). "The family and childhood of Schwann". Revue Médicale de Liège. vi (9): 231–8. PMID 14845235.

• Haas, Fifty. F. (1999). "Neurological stamp. Theodore Schwann (1810–82)". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 66 (i): 103. doi:10.1136/jnnp.66.1.103. PMC1736145. PMID 9886465.
• Hayashi, One thousand. (1992). "Theodor Schwann and reductionism". Kagakushi Kenkyu. 31 (184): 209–14. PMID 11639601.
• Kiszely, G. (1983). "Theodor Schwann". Orvosi Hetilap. 124 (16): 959–62. PMID 6343953.
• Kosinski, C. Grand. (2004). "Theodor Schwann". Der Nervenarzt. 75 (12): 1248. doi:x.1007/s00115-004-1805-5. PMID 15368056. S2CID 9572873.
• Kruta, Five. (1987). "The thought of the principal unity of elements in the microscopic structure of animals and plants. J. Eastward. Purkynĕ and Th. Schwann". Folia Mendeliana. 22: 35–50. PMID 11621603.

• Lukács, D. (Apr 1982). "Centenary of the death of Theodor Schwann". Orvosi Hetilap. 123 (fourteen): 864–6. PMID 7043357.
• Watermann, R. (1973). "Theodor Schwann accepted the honorable appointment away". Medizinische Monatsschrift. 27 (1): 28–31. PMID 4576700.
• Watermann, R. (1960). "Theodor Schwann every bit a maker of lifesaving apparatus". Die Medizinische Welt. l: 2682–vii. PMID 13783359.

External links

• Works by or about Theodor Schwann at Internet Annal
• Schwann, Theodor and Schleyden, M. J. 1847. Microscopical researches into the accord in the structure and growth of animals and plants. London: Printed for the Sydenham Guild
• Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Theodor Schwann". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Schwann

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